Internet Blocking and Democracy - Exec Summary : 1.3 Internet Blocking Debate and Motivations
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Titre
Paragraphe 1
The debate about “Internet blocking” can not be limited to one specific issue. The debate is as complex as the topic itself. There are widely different areas of concern and the challenges
faced by policy makers to respond to Internet content problems are complex.Paragraphe 2
There are many motivations why society currently believes (or in some cases hopes) that Internet blocking attempts might solve some major social concerns since other approaches do not appear to be very successful. There are many different entities who have currently implemented blocking. There is a wide range of material which is the target of such blocking attempts. Internet blocking attempts can be approached in many different ways depending on
who would be the intended target of the blocking initiatives. Several countries have already adopted Internet blocking systems.Paragraphe 3
Paragraphe 4
Paragraphe 5
The first criterion that can be used to differentiate between the different blocking approaches is the target of the blocking instrument. In general there are four different targets blocking could focus on:
- Service-based approach e.g. email,
- Content-based approach e.g. hate speech, child pornography, gambling websites
- User-based approach e.g. users who download illegal music, send spam
- Search Engine based approach e.g. preventing search results for illegal websites
Le premier critère qui peut être utilisé pour se repérer parmi les différentes approches de filtrage est la cible des outils de filtrage. En général, il y a quatre cibles différentes sur lesquelles peut se focaliser le filtrage :
- l'approche basée sur le service, par exemple l'email ;
- l'approche basée sur le contenu, par exemple les discours de haine, la pédo-pornographie, les sites de casinos ;
- l'approche basée sur les utilisateurs, par exemple ceux qui téléchargent illégalement de la musique, envoient des courriers indésirables ; ou
- l'approche basée sur les moteurs de recherches, pour empêcher des sites illégaux d'apparaître dans les résultats de recherche.
Paragraphe 6
A second criterion that can be used to differentiate between the different Internet blocking approaches is to focus on the role of the decision-maker about illegal content. The decisionmaker is the person or institution which makes the decision about what should be blocked.
- Individual Driven
- Institution Driven
- Legislator / Court
Un second critère qui peut être utilisé pour différencier les approches du filtrage d'Internet est de se focaliser sur le rôle du décideur à propos des contenus illégaux. Le décideur est la personne ou l'institution qui décide de ce qui doit être filtré :
- choix individuel ;
- choix institutionnel ; ou
- législateur / tribunal.
Paragraphe 7
Internet blocking is discussed as a technical solution with regard to a wide range of illegal activities. To a large extent – but not necessarily - these acts are criminalised in the country that is intending to implement or has already implemented blocking technology but is not always criminalised in the same way in the country where the content is hosted. Child pornography is among those categories of content where the content blocked is covered by
criminal law provisions.Paragraphe 8
Enforcement is difficult on the Internet where material is often legally made available on servers outside the country. This is a direct consequence of different national standards implemented with regard to the publication of material. Attempting to block content that is legally made available outside the country but is considered to be illegal inside the country could be seen as a possible option for countries to attempt to maintain their own national
cultural standards in times of global access.Paragraphe 9
Other content which is the target of Internet blocking attempts include:
- Spam - E-mail provider organisations report that currently as many as 85 to 90 per cent of all e-mails sent are spam. Most spam blocking is performed with customer consent.
- Erotic and pornographic Material - often considered by policy makers within the context of preventing minors from getting access to content that is considered harmful. In some countries “adult verification systems” have been developed to prevent minors gaining access to adult content. Other countries criminalise any exchange of pornographic material even among adults.
- Child Pornography - is universally condemned and offences related to child pornography are widely recognised as criminal acts. Despite substantial efforts and costs, those initiatives seeking to control the network distribution of child pornography, have proved little deterrent to perpetrators.
- Controversial political topics / hate speech / xenophobia - Some countries criminalise the publication of racial hatred, violence and xenophobia while such material can be legally published in other countries that have a strong protection of freedom of expression such as the US.
- Illegal Gambling - The Internet allows people to circumvent gambling restrictions. Online casinos are widely available, most of which are hosted in countries with liberal laws or no regulations on Internet gambling.
- Libel and publication of false information - Websites can present false or defamatory information, especially in forums and chat rooms, where users can post messages without verification by moderators.
- Content published by terrorist organisations - the publication of propaganda and the publication of information related to the commission of crimes is common.
- Copyright violations - include the exchange of copyright-protected songs, files and software in file-sharing systems and the circumvention of Digital Rights Management systems. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technology plays a vital role in the Internet.
Parmi les autres contenus ciblés par des tentatives de filtrage d'Internet on trouve :
- les pourriels (spams) – les services prestataires de courrier électronique signalent qu'en ce moment, 85 à 90 pourcents des courriels sont des pourriels. La plupart des filtrages de pourriels sont effectués avec le consentement des clients ;
- le matériel érotique et pornographiques – il es souvent considéré par les décideurs politiques comme devant être inaccessible aux mineurs au motif qu'il est dangereux. Dans certains pays, des « systèmes de vérification de l'âge adulte » ont été développés pour empêcher les mineurs d'accéder au contenu « adulte ». D'autres pays pénalisent tout échange de matériel pronographique même entre adultes ;
- La pédo-pornographie – elle est universellement condamnée et les dérives associées à la pédo-pornographie sont largement reconnues comme des actes criminels. Malgré des efforts financiers conséquents, ces initiatives cherchant à contrôler la distribution en réseau de pédo-pornographie ont prouvé qu'elles ne dissuadaient que médiocrement les auteurs de tels actes ;
- les sujets politiques controversés / l'incitation à la haine et à la xénophobie – certains pays pénalisent l'incitation à la haine raciale, à la violence et à la xénophobie, tandis que de tels contenus peuvent être publiés légalement dans d'autres pays qui disposent d'un niveau élevé de protection de la liberté d'expression, tels que les États-Unis ;
- les jeux d'argent illégaux – Internet permet aux gens de contourner les interdictions concernant certains jeux. Les casinos en ligne sont largement accessibles et la plupart sont hébergés dans des pays ayant des lois libérales voire pas de loi du tout sur les jeux en ligne ;
- la diffamation et la publication de fausses informations – les sites Web peuvent présenter des informations erronées ou diffamatoires, particulièrement dans les forums ou les chats, où des utilisateurs peuvent poster des messages qui ne sont pas vérifiés par des modérateurs ;
- les contenus publiés par des organisations terroristes – la publication de propagande et d'informations liées à l'incitation au crime sont monnaie courante ;
- la violation de droits d'auteur – elle comprend l'échange de chansons protégées par des droits d'auteur, de fichiers et de logiciels par des systèmes de partage de fichiers et le contournement des systèmes de gestion des droits numériques (en anglais, Digital Rights Management ou DRM). La technique Pair-à-Pair (P2P pour Peer to Peer) joue un rôle vital sur Internet.
Sous-titre
Paragraphe 10
- Missing Control Instruments on the Internet
Since the Internet was originally designed based on a decentralised network architecture, resilient to failure and disruption, the Internet is resistant to external attempts at control. Blocking attempts could be considered as an approach to implement
such control instrument that was not foreseen when the network was developed.- Le manque d'outils de contrôle sur Internet
Paragraphe 11
- International Dimension
International cooperation based on principles of traditional mutual legal assistance is often very slow and time consuming. The formal requirements and time needed to collaborate with foreign law enforcement agencies often hinder investigations. Blocking attempts might therefore be considered as an approach to act even in those cases where the limitations of current international cooperation prevent measures to be taken
in a timely manner.- La dimension internationale
Paragraphe 12
- Decreased Importance of National Hosting Infrastructure
The publication of content that is perfectly legal in one country might be criminal act in another country. Attempts to block content can therefore be characterised as an act of re-territorialisation where countries aim to ensure that the national standards apply with
regard to global content available to Internet users inside the country.- L'importance décroissante de l'hébergement structuré par pays
Sous-titre
Paragraphe 13
Paragraphe 14
- The producer of illegal content - the illegal content provider.
The Internet has become a major tool for the distribution of child pornography as it offers a number of advantages to the perpetrators that make investigations challenging. In an analogous way, the modern digital camera and digital camcorder have become the major tool for the production of child pornography. The reason to implement blocking technology is therefore similar to the reasons to criminalise the exchange of child pornography i.e. to reduce the volume of crime and to
protect children.- Le producteur de contenu illégal – le fournisseur de contenu illégal
Paragraphe 15
- The consumer of illegal content.
In addition to the production, publication and making available of child pornography, a significant number of countries criminalise the possession of child pornography. The demand for such material could promote its production on an ongoing basis.
Furthermore a number of countries go beyond the criminalisation of the possession of child pornography and even criminalise the act of gaining access to child pornography.- Le consommateur de contenu illégal
Paragraphe 16
While the fact that Internet blocking does not remove content at the source hinders the instrument from being able to prevent the offence of making content available the instrument,if technically effective, has the potential to prevent offences committed by some users, that are trying to access a website to either watch or download child pornography.
The success of this depends on the effectiveness of the blocking technologies in force and the level of motivation and knowledge of the user.Paragraphe 17
The main concerns about blocking are the missing removal of the content at its source and the many possibilities to circumvent the technology. These aspects have several implications:
- The content can still be accessed by using connections that do not block access.
- Once blocking technology is developed and implemented it could be used for other purposes. One of the main reasons for this concern is related to the non-transparent implementation of such technology.
- The fact that the content is not removed enables users to seek access by circumventing the technical protection solutions.
- There are several ways how these blocking approaches that are currently discussed can be circumvented.
- The fact that content is not removed, suggests to users that these are safer websites to access since the authorities have clearly failed to have them removed and investigated.
- Exchange of child pornography via file-sharing systems or encrypted e-mail exchanges are not covered by the current web based approaches.
- making such material invisible might mislead the political debate as it could create the impression that the problem of online child pornography has been adequately addressed and thereby reducing civil concern in this area.
Les principaux problèmes concernant le filtrage sont l'impossibilité de supprimer le contenu à sa source et les nombreuses possibilités de contourner le dispositif. Ces aspects ont plusieurs conséquences :
- le contenu peut encore être accessible en utilisant une connexion qui ne bloque pas l'accès ;
- une fois que les techniques de filtrage sont développées et mises en œuvre, on peut les utiliser pour une toute autre fin. Une des raisons majeures de ce problème vient de l'opacité de la mise en œuvre de ces techniques ;
- le fait que le contenu ne soit pas supprimé permet aux utilisateurs de chercher un moyen d'y accéder en contournant les solutions techniques de protection ;
- il existe plusieurs façons de contourner les différents systèmes de filtrage faisant actuellement l'objet de discussions ;
- le fait que le contenu ne puisse être supprimé suggère aux utilisateurs que ce sont des sites Web de confiance puisque les autorités ont clairement échoué à les éradiquer et à les poursuivre ;
- les échanges de pédo-pornographie via les systèmes de partage de fichiers ou les courriels chiffrés ne sont pas pris en compte par les solutions en ligne actuelles ;
- le fait de rendre invisibles de tels matériels pourrait fausser le débat politique en laissant croire que le problème de la pédo-pornographie en ligne a été efficacement traité, ce qui diminuerait ainsi la prise de conscience de la société dans ce domaine.
Paragraphe 18
Paragraĥe 19
Other non-blocking approaches
- improving the means of international cooperation in order to narrow the time gap between the identification of illegal content stored abroad an the removal.
- working towards the removal of such content to hinder serious offenders from getting access to it.
- Investigating child pornographic images to ensure the victims in those images is identified and removed from the abusive situation.
Autres possibilités ne faisant pas appel au filtrage :
- améliorer les moyens de coopération internationale de façon à réduire le délai entre l'identification du contenu illégal hébergé à l'étranger et sa suppression ;
- travailler à l'éradication de tels contenus pour empêcher les délinquants sérieux d'y avoir accès ;
- mener des enquêtes judiciaires sur les images de pédo-pornographie pour s'assurer que les victimes de ces images soient identifiées et mises à l'abri de situations de maltraitance.
Paragraphe 20
Paragraphe 21
In Australia, for example, a block-list generated by ACMA (Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) is likely in future to become mandatory for all ISPs. In the UK the block-list is generated by the IWF (Internet Watch Foundation). The technology used is BT Cleanfeed or URL filtering. In Denmark the block-list is generated by National High Tech Crime Centre of the Danish National Police and Save the Children Denmark. In Finland blocking was initially based on a list of domains supplied by the Finnish police. Most ISPs
today participate in the approach but based on DNS blocking.
